Brain inflammation and its predictive value for post-operative pain in total knee arthroplasty patients

Recent evidence suggests that chronic pain patients exhibit elevated brain levels of the neuroinflammation marker 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). However, the clinical significance of brain TSPO elevations, and their responses to pain interventions, remain unknown. To explore these questions, we studied patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), a procedure which is curative for most, but carries a relatively high risk of persistent post-surgical pain. Pre-surgical KOA patients (n = 41) and healthy controls (n = 22) underwent brain positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, using the TSPO radioligand [11C]PBR28. A subset of KOA patients (n = 27) returned for a second scan one-year post-TKA. When compared groups, pre-surgical KOA patients exhibited widespread [11C]PBR28 PET signal elevations (Standardized Uptake Value Ratio), with pituitary uptake positively correlating with knee pain severity (rho = 0.51; p = 0.003). A voxel-wise paired t-test revealed that while most brain regions showed no change post-surgery, the [11C]PBR28 PET signal significantly decreased in the thalamus and caudate, reaching control levels. Additionally, a Support Vector Machine model based on pre-surgical imaging, clinical, and demographic features, achieved a correlation of rho = 0.487 (p = 0.001) between the predicted and actual pain improvement. Top predictive features included [11C]PBR28 uptake in the pituitary gland, cuneal cortex, amygdala and other regions. This study suggests that neuroinflammation 1) is widespread in KOA and, in some regions, 2) is linked to pain severity, 3) undergoes normalization following TKA, and 4) can predict post-surgical TKA outcomes. Understanding the neuroinflammatory mechanisms in KOA and post-surgical pain may guide targeted interventions and improve patient outcomes.