Walkability and caregiving support places: exploring urban complexity as a path to mobility justice

Research on walkable urban environments often highlights benefits such as increased physical activity and reduced car dependency but tends to overlook the specific mobility needs of care-engaged individuals. These individuals typically rely on short, multi-stop trips, often centred around public transport. This study examines the relationship between walkability, urban complexity, and caregiving-related accessibility around tram stops in Alicante and Valencia, Spain. Caregiving-support places are analysed in terms of their spatial distribution and diversity within 200, 400, and 800 metre proximity areas. The study is framed by the concepts of spatial equity, mobility justice, and urban complexity. Urban complexity is empirically assessed using Google Places data to measure the density and diversity of both general and caregiving-related functions around tram stops. Findings indicate that general urban complexity does not necessarily guarantee accessibility for care-engaged individuals. Some dense, mixed-use areas lack essential caregiving services, revealing a functional mismatch dominated by commercial and entertainment uses. This scarcity is particularly pronounced in socioeconomically vulnerable areas, where spatial inequities are intensified. Incorporating caregiving-support functions into Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) strategies, alongside targeted zoning adjustments, is essential to ensure that walkable, transit-accessible areas support the diverse mobility needs of urban populations and advance inclusive, equitable city planning.

Keywords: walkability, urban complexity, caregiving mobility, Transit-Oriented Development, mobility justice, Google Places